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 Spot welding is a popular method of resistance welding used to join overlapping metal sheets up to 3 mm thick. Two electrodes are used simultaneously to hold the metal sheets together and to pass current through the leaves. The advantages of the method include efficient energy use, limited deformation of the workpiece, high production rates, easy automation, and the non-requirement of filling materials. The strength of the weld is significantly lower than with other welding methods, making the process only suitable for certain applications. It is used extensively in the automotive industry - The ordinary cars can have several thousands of spot welds made by industrial robots. A specialized process called solder shock, can be used for spot welding of stainless steel.

Like spot welding, seam welding relies on two electrodes to apply pressure and current to join metal sheets. However, instead of point electrodes, the electrodes in the shape of a wheel, roll along and often feed the workpiece, allowing long continuous welds. In the past, this process was used in the manufacture of beverage cans, but now its uses are more limited. Other Resistance welding methods include flash welding, projection welding, and welding the dump. [22]
[Edit] energy beam welding

The methods of energy beam welding, laser welding called and electron beam welding, are relatively new processes have become quite popular in high production applications. The two processes are very similar, differing most notably in their source of energy. The laser beam welding employs a highly focused laser beam, while electron beam welding is done in a vacuum and uses an electron beam. Both have very high energy density, allowing deep penetration welding and minimizing the size of the weld area. Both processes are extremely fast, and easy to automate, making them highly productive. The primary disadvantages are their very high equipment costs (though these are declining) and a susceptibility to cracking. Developments in this area include the hybrid laser welding, which uses the principles of laser welding and arc welding for even better weld properties [23].
[Edit] Solid State Welding

As the first welding process, forge welding, some modern welding methods do not involve melting of the materials being joined. One of the most popular, ultrasonic welding, is used to connect thin sheets or wires made of metal or thermoplastic, making them vibrate at high frequency and under high pressure. Equipment and methods involved are similar to resistance welding, but instead of electrical current, vibration provides the energy source. Welding metals with this process involves the melting of the material, instead, the weld is formed by introducing mechanical vibrations horizontally under pressure. When you are welding plastics, the materials should have similar melting temperatures, and vibrations are introduced vertically. Ultrasonic welding is commonly used to make electrical connections to aluminum or copper, and also is a very common polymer welding process.

Another common process, explosive welding, involves pushing material gather together under extremely high pressure. The impact energy plasticized materials, forming a weld, although only a limited amount of heat is generated. The process is commonly used for welding dissimilar materials, such as welding of aluminum with steel hulls of ships or composite plates. Other welding processes include solid-state coextrusion welding, cold welding, diffusion welding, friction welding (including ???), agitation welding high frequency welding, hot pressure welding, Induction welding, and welding roller [24].
[Edit] Geometry
Common types of solder joints
(1) The board of square end
(2) Board of preparing single-V
(3) Board of lap or overlap
(4) Board-T.

Welds can be geometrically prepared in many different ways. The five basic types of solder joints are far seal the lap joint, corner board, edge board, and board-T. There are other variations, such as the preparation of double-V joints, characterized by the two pieces of material each tapering to a single central point in the middle of its height. The preparation of joint single-and double-U U are also fairly common-instead of having straight edges together as the preparation of single-and double-V V, they are curved, having the shape of a U. Lap joints are also commonly more than two pieces thick, depending on the process used and the thickness of the material, many pieces can be welded together in a lap joint geometry [25].

Often, certain welding processes used exclusively or almost exclusively private board designs. For example, resistance spot welding, laser welding, and electron beam welding are most frequently with lap joints. However, some welding methods, such as welding shielded metal arc, are extremely versatile and can weld virtually any type of meeting. Additionally, some processes can be used for multipass welds, in which a weld is allowed to cool, and then another weld is performed over the first. This allows, for example, the welding of thick sections arranged in a preparation of single-V joint [26].
The cross section of a board Weld end with the darkest gray representing the weld area or the merger, the medium gray the heat affected zone HAZ, and lighter gray the base material.

After welding, a number of different regions can be identified in the area of welding. The weld itself is called the fusion zone-more specifically, this is where the filler metal was laid during the welding process. The properties of the fusion zone depend primarily on the filler metal used, and its compatibility with the base materials.